Mathematical Logic: Propositional and Predicate Logic, Propositional Equivalences, Normal Forms, Predicates and Quantifiers, Nested Quantifiers, Rules of Inference. Sets and Relations: Set Operations, Representation and Properties of Relations, Equivalence Relations, Partially Ordering. Counting, Mathematical Induction and Discrete Probability: Basics of Counting, Pigeonhole Principle, Permutations and Combinations, Inclusion- Exclusion Principle, Mathematical Induction, Probability, Bayes' Theorem. Group Theory: Groups, Subgroups, Semi Groups, Product and Quotients of Algebraic Structures, Isomorphism, Homomorphism, Automorphism, Rings, Integral Domains, Fields, Applications of Group Theory. Graph Theory: Simple Graph, Multigraph, Weighted Graph, Paths and Circuits, Shortest Paths in Weighted Graphs, Eulerian Paths and Circuits, Hamiltonian Paths and Circuits, Planner graph, Graph Coloring, Bipartite Graphs, Trees and Rooted Trees, Prefix Codes, Tree Traversals, Spanning Trees and Cut-Sets. Boolean Algebra: Boolean Functions and its Representation, Simplifications of Boolean Functions. Optimization: Linear Programming - Mathematical Model, Graphical Solution, Simplex and Dual Simplex Method, Sensitive Analysis, Integer Programming, Transportation and Assignment Models, PERT-CPM: Diagram Representation, Critical Path Calculations, Resource Levelling, Cost Consideration in Project Scheduling
2Computer System Architecture
Digital Logic Circuits and Components: Digital Computers, Logic Gates, Boolean Algebra, Map Simplifications, Combinational Circuits, Flip-Flops, Sequential Circuits, Integrated Circuits, Decoders, Multiplexers, Registers and Counters, Memory Unit. Data Representation: Data Types, Number Systems and Conversion, Complements, Fixed Point Representation, Floating Point Representation, Error Detection Codes, Computer Arithmetic - Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division Algorithms. Register Transfer and Microoperations: Register Transfer Language, Bus and Memory Transfers, Arithmetic, Logic and Shift Microoperations. Basic Computer Organization and Design: Stored Program Organization and Instruction Codes, Computer Registers, Computer Instructions, Timing and Control, Instruction Cycle, Memory-Reference Instructions, Input-Output, Interrupt. Programming the Basic Computer: Machine Language, Assembly Language, Assembler, Program Loops, Subroutines, Input-Output Programming. Microprogrammed Control: Control Memory, Address Sequencing, Design of Control Unit. Central Processing Unit: General Register Organization, Stack Organization, Instruction Formats, Addressing Modes, RISC Computer, CISC Computer. Pipeline and Vector Processing: Parallel Processing, Pipelining, Arithmetic Pipeline, Instruction Pipeline, Vector Processing Array Processors. Input-Output Organization: Peripheral Devices, Input-Output Interface ...
3Programming Languages and Computer Graphics
Language Design and Translation Issues: Programming Language Concepts, Paradigms and Models, Programming Environments, Virtual Computers and Binding Times, Programming Language Syntax, Stages in Translation, Formal Transition Models. Elementary Data Types: Properties of Types and Objects, Scalar and Composite Data Types. Programming in C: Tokens, Identifiers, Data Types, Sequence Control, Subprogram Control, Arrays, Structures, Union, String, Pointers, Functions, File Handling, Command Line Argumaents, Preprocessors. Object Oriented Programming: Class, Object, Instantiation, Inheritance, Encapsulation, Abstract Class, Polymorphism. Programming in C++: Tokens, Identifiers, Variables and Constants, Data types, Operators, Control statements, Functions Parameter Passing, Virtual Functions, Class and Objects, Constructors and Destructors, Overloading, Inheritance, Templates, Exception and Event Handling, Streams and Files, Multifile Programs. Web Programming: HTML, DHTML, XML, Scripting, Java, Servlets, Applets. Computer Graphics: Video-Display Devices, Raster-Scan and Random-Scan Systems, Graphics Monitors, Input Devices, Points and Lines, Line Drawing Algorithms, Mid-Point Circle and Ellipse Algorithms, Scan Line Polygon Fill Algorithm, Boundary-Fill and Flood- Fill. 2-D Geometrical Transforms and Viewing: Translation, Scaling, Rotation, Reflection and Shear Transformations ...
4Database Management Systems
Database System Concepts and Architecture: Data Models, Schemas, and Instances, Three-Schema Architecture and Data Independence, Database Languages and Interfaces, Centralized and Client/Server Architectures for DBMS. Data Modeling: Entity-Relationship Diagram, Relational Model - Constraints, Languages, Design, and Programming, Relational Database Schemas, Update Operations and Dealing with Constraint Violations, Relational Algebra and Relational Calculus, Codd Rules. SQL: Data Definition and Data Types, Constraints, Queries, Insert, Delete, and Update Statements, Views, Stored Procedures and Functions, Database Triggers, SQL Injection. Normalization for Relational Databases: Functional Dependencies and Normalization, Algorithms for Query Processing and Optimization, Transaction Processing, Concurrency Control Techniques, Database Recovery Techniques, Object and Object-Relational Databases, Database Security and Authorization. Enhanced Data Models: Temporal Database Concepts, Multimedia Databases, Deductive Databases, XML and Internet Databases, Mobile Databases, Geographic Information Systems, Genome Data Management, Distributed Databases and Client-Server Architectures. Data Warehousing and Data Mining: Data Modeling for Data Warehouses, Concept Hierarchy, OLAP and OLTP, Association Rules, Classification, Clustering, Regression, Support Vector Machine, K-Nearest Neighbour, Hidden Markov Model, Summarization, Dependency Modeling ...
5System Software and Operating System
System Software: Machine, Assembly and High-Level Languages, Compilers and Interpreters, Loading, Linking and Relocation, Macros, Debuggers. Basics of Operating Systems: Operating System Structure, Operations and Services, System Calls, Operating-System Design and Implementation, System Boot. Process Management: Process Scheduling and Operations, Interprocess Communication, Communication in Client–Server Systems, Process Synchronization, Critical-Section Problem, Peterson's Solution, Semaphores, Synchronization. Threads: Multicore Programming, Multithreading Models, Thread Libraries, Implicit Threading, Threading Issues. CPU Scheduling: Scheduling Criteria and Algorithms, Thread Scheduling, Multiple- Processor Scheduling, Real-Time CPU Scheduling. Deadlocks: Deadlock Characterization, Methods for Handling Deadlocks, Deadlock Prevention, Avoidance and Detection, Recovery from Deadlock. Memory Management: Contiguous Memory Allocation, Swapping, Paging, Segmentation, Demand Paging, Page Replacement, Allocation of Frames, Thrashing, Memory-Mapped Files. Storage Management: Mass-Storage Structure, Disk Structure, Scheduling and Management, RAID Structure. File and Input/Output Systems: Access Methods, Directory and Disk Structure, File- System Mounting, File Sharing, File-System Structure and Implementation, Directory Implementation, Allocation Methods, Free-Space Management, Efficiency and Performance, Recovery, I/O Hardware ...
6Software Engineering
Software Process Models: Software Process, Generic Process Model - Framework Activity, Task Set and Process Patterns, Process Lifecycle, Prescriptive Process Models, Project Management, Component Based Development, Aspect-Oriented Software Development, Formal Methods, Agile Process Models - Extreme Programming (XP), Adptive Software Development, Scrum, Dynamic System Development Model, Feature Driven Development, Crystal, Web Engineering. Software Requirements: Functional and Non-Functional Requirements, Eliciting Requirements, Developing Use Cases, Requirement Analysis and Modelling, Requirements Review, Software Requirment and Specification (SRS) Document. Software Design: Abstraction, Architecture, Patterns, Separation of Concerns, Modularity, Information Hiding, Functional Independence, Cohesion and Coupling, Object-Oriented Design, Data Design, Architectural Design, User Interface Design, Component Level Design. Software Quality: McCall's Quality Factors, ISO 9126 Quality Factors, Quality Control, Quality Assurance, Risk Management, Risk Mitigation, Monitoring and Management (RMMM), Software Reliability. Estimation and Scheduling of Software Projects: Software Sizing, LOC and FP based Estimations, Estimating Cost and Effort, Estimation Models, Constructive Cost Model (COCOMO), Project Scheduling and Staffing, Time-line Charts. Software Testing: Verification and Validation, Error, Fault, Bug and Failure, Unit and Integration Tesing ...
7Data Structures and Algorithms
Data Structures: Arrays and their Applications, Sparse Matrix, Stacks, Queues, Priority Queues, Linked Lists, Trees, Forest, Binary Tree, Threaded Binary Tree, Binary Search Tree, AVL Tree, B Tree, B+ Tree, B* Tree, Data Structure for Sets, Graphs, Sorting and Searching Algorithms, Hashing. Performance Analysis of Algorithms and Recurrences:Time and Space Complexities, Asymptotic Notation, Recurrence Relations. Design Techniques: Divide and Conquer, Dynamic Programming, Greedy Algorithms, Backtracking, Branch and Bound. Lower Bound Theory: Comparison Trees, Lower Bounds through Reductions. Graph Algorithms: Breadth-First Search, Depth-First Search, Shortest Paths, Maximum Flow, Minimum Spanning Trees. Complexity Theory: P and NP Class Problems, NP-completeness and Reducibility. Selected Topics: Number Theoretic Algorithms, Polynomial Arithmetic, Fast Fourier Transform, String Matching Algorithms. Advanced Algorithms: Parallel Algorithms for Sorting, Searching and Merging, Approximation Algorithms, Randomized Algorithms
8Theory of Computation and Compilers
Theory of Computation: Formal Language, Non-Computational Problems, Diagonal Argument, Russels's Paradox. Regular Language Models: Deterministic Finite Automaton (DFA), Non-Deterministic Finite Automaton (NDFA), Equivalence of DFA and NDFA, Regular Languages, Regular Grammars, Regular Expressions, Properties of Regular Language, Pumping Lemma, Non- Regular Languages, Lexical Analysis. Context Free Language: Pushdown Automaton (PDA), Non-Deterministic Pushdown Automaton (NPDA), Context Free Grammar, Chomsky Normal Form, Greibach Normal Form, Ambiguity, Parse Tree Representation of Derivation Trees, Equivalence of PDA's and Context Free Grammars, Properties of Context Free Language. Turing Machines (TM): Standard Turing Machine and its Variations, Universal Turing Machines, Models of Computation and Church-Turing Thesis, Recursive and Recursively- Enumerable Languages, Context-Sensitive Languages, Unrestricted Grammars, Chomsky Hierarchy of Languages, Construction of TM for Simple Problems. Unsolvable Problems and Computational Complexity: Unsolvable Problem, Halting Problem, Post Correspondence Problem, Unsolvable Problems for Context-Free Languages, Measuring and Classifying Complexity, Tractable and Intractable Problems. Syntax Analysis: Associativity, Precedence, Grammar Transformations, Top Down Parsing, Recursive Descent Predictive Parsing, LL(1) Parsing, Bottom up Parsing, LR Parser ...
9Data Communication and Computer Networks
Data Communication: Components of a Data Communication System, Simplex, Half- Duplex and Duplex Modes of Communication, Analog and Digital Signals, Noiseless and Noisy Channels, Bandwidth, Throughput and Latency, Digital and Analog Transmission, Data Encoding and Modulation Techniques, Broadband and Baseband Transmission, Multiplexing, Transmission Media, Transmission Errors, Error Handling Mechanisms. Computer Networks: Network Topologies, Local Area Networks, Metropolitan Area Networks, Wide Area Network, Wireless Networks, Internet. Network Models: Layered Architecture, OSI Reference Model and its Protocols, TCP/IP Protocol Suite, Physical, Logical, Port and Specific Addresses, Switching Techniques. Functions of OSI and TCP/IP Layers: Framing, Error Detection and Correction, Flow and Error Control, Sliding Window Protocol, HDLC, Multiple Access - CSMA/CD, CSMA/CA, Reservation, Polling, Token Passing, FDMA, CDMA, TDMA, Network Devices, Backbone Networks, Virtual LANs. IPv4 Structure and Address Space, Classful and Classless Addressing, Datagram, Fragmentation and Checksum, IPv6 Packet Format, Mapping Logical to Physical Address (ARP), Direct and Indirect Network Layer Delivery, Routing Algorithms, TCP, UDP and SCTP Protocols, Flow Control, Error Control and Congestion Control in TCP and SCTP. World Wide Web (WWW): Uniform Resource Locator (URL), Domain Name Service (DNS) ...
10Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Approaches to AI: Turing Test and Rational Agent Approaches, State Space Representation of Problems, Heuristic Search Techniques, Game Playing, Min-Max Search, Alpha Beta Cutoff Procedures. Knowledge Representation: Logic, Semantic Networks, Frames, Rules, Scripts, Conceptual Dependency and Ontologies, Expert Systems, Handling Uncertainty in Knowledge. Planning: Components of a Planning System, Linear and Non Linear Planning, Goal Stack Planning, Hierarchical Planning, STRIPS, Partial Order Planning. Natural Language Processing: Grammar and Language, Parsing Techniques, Semantic Analysis and Prgamatics. Multi Agent Systems: Agents and Objects, Agents and Expert Systems, Generic Structure of Multiagent System, Semantic Web, Agent Communication, Knowledge Sharing using Ontologies, Agent Development Tools. Fuzzy Sets: Notion of Fuzziness, Membership Functions, Fuzzification and Defuzzification, Operations on Fuzzy Sets, Fuzzy Functions and Linguistic Variables, Fuzzy Relations, Fuzzy Rules and Fuzzy Inference, Fuzzy Control System and Fuzzy Rule Based Systems. Genetic Algorithms (GA): Encoding Strategies, Genetic Operators, Fitness Functions and GA Cycle, Problem Solving using GA. Artificial Neural Networks (ANN): Supervised, Unsupervised and Reinforcement Learning, Single Perceptron, Multi Layer Perceptron, Self Organizing Maps, Hopfield Network
Paper-I — common to every subject
1Teaching Aptitude
Teaching: Concept, Objectives, Levels of teaching (Memory, Understanding and Reflective), Characteristics and basic requirements.
Learner’s characteristics: Characteristics of adolescent and adult learners (Academic, Social, Emotional and Cognitive), Individual differences.
Factors affecting teaching related to: Teacher, Learner, Support material, Instructional facilities, Learning environment and Institution.
Methods of teaching in Institutions of higher learning: Teacher centred vs. Learner centred methods; Off-line vs. On-line methods (Swayam, Swayamprabha, MOOCs etc.).
Teaching Support System: Traditional, Modern and ICT based.
Evaluation Systems: Elements and Types of evaluation, Evaluation in Choice Based Credit System in Higher education, Computer based testing, Innovations in evaluation systems.
2Research Aptitude
Research: Meaning, Types, and Characteristics, Positivism and Post-positivistic approach to research.
Methods of Research: Experimental, Descriptive, Historical, Qualitative and Quantitative methods.
Steps of Research.
Thesis and Article writing: Format and styles of referencing.
Application of ICT in research.
Research ethics.
3Comprehension
A passage of text be given. Questions be asked from the passage to be answered.
4Communication
Communication: Meaning, types and characteristics of communication.
Effective communication: Verbal and Non-verbal, Inter-Cultural and group communications, Classroom communication.
Barriers to effective communication.
Mass-Media and Society.
5Mathematical Reasoning and Aptitude
Types of reasoning.
Number series, Letter series, Codes and Relationships.
Mathematical Aptitude (Fraction, Time & Distance, Ratio, Proportion and Percentage, Profit and Loss, Interest and Discounting, Averages etc.).
6Logical Reasoning
Understanding the structure of arguments: argument forms, structure of categorical propositions, Mood and Figure, Formal and Informal fallacies, Uses of language, Connotations and denotations of terms, Classical square of opposition.
Evaluating and distinguishing deductive and inductive reasoning.
Analogies.
Venn diagram: Simple and multiple use for establishing validity of arguments.
Structure and kinds of Anumana (inference), Vyapti (invariable relation), Hetvabhasas (fallacies of inference).
7Data Interpretation
Sources, acquisition and classification of Data.
Quantitative and Qualitative Data.
Graphical representation (Bar-chart, Histograms, Pie-chart, Table-chart and Line-chart) and mapping of Data.
Data Interpretation.
Data and Governance.
8Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
ICT: General abbreviations and terminology.
Basics of Internet, Intranet, E-mail, Audio and Video-conferencing.
Digital initiatives in higher education.
ICT and Governance.
9People, Development and Environment
Development and environment: Millennium development and Sustainable development goals.
Human and environment interaction: Anthropogenic activities and their impacts on environment.
Environmental issues: Local, Regional and Global; Air pollution, Water pollution, Soil pollution, Noise pollution, Waste (solid, liquid, biomedical, hazardous, electronic), Climate change and its Socio-Economic and Political dimensions.
Impacts of pollutants on human health.
Natural and energy resources: Solar, Wind, Soil, Hydro, Geothermal, Biomass, Nuclear and Forests.
Natural hazards and disasters: Mitigation strategies.
Environmental Protection Act (1986), National Action Plan on Climate Change, International agreements/efforts -Montreal Protocol, Rio Summit, Convention on Biodiversity, Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement, International Solar Alliance.
10Higher Education System
Institutions of higher learning and education in ancient India.
Evolution of higher learning and research in Post Independence India.
Oriental, Conventional and Non-conventional learning programmes in India.
Professional, Technical and Skill Based education.
Value education and environmental education.
Policies, Governance, and Administration.
Official UGC-NET syllabus (ugcnet.nta.ac.in), Paper-II subject units, verbatim.
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